OVERVIEW Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) Osteogenesis, also known as bone formation, is the natural process through which new bone tissue develops. It plays a crucial role in growth, skeletal repair, and maintaining the structural integrity of bones throughout life. Osteogenesis involves two key mechanisms: intramembranous ossification, which forms flat bones like the skull, and endochondral ossification, which […]
OVERVIEW Testicular Carcinoma Testicular carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops in the testicles, the male reproductive glands responsible for producing sperm and testosterone. It is one of the most common cancers in young and middle-aged men but has a high survival rate when detected early. The two primary types of testicular carcinoma are seminomas,
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Overview Parkinsonism refers to a group of neurological disorders that cause movement abnormalities similar to those seen in Parkinson’s disease, including tremors, slow movements (bradykinesia), stiffness, and balance problems. It can result from various conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, or certain medications. Parkinsonism occurs due to the disruption of
Osteoarthritis (OA)Oestreothirites is an extinct genus of fossilized brachiopods from the Ordovician period, primarily identified through its distinct biconvex shell structure and fine ribbed ornamentation. These marine invertebrates lived on the seafloor, anchored to substrates by a short pedicle, and are considered important index fossils for dating Ordovician sedimentary rocks. Their remains have been discovered
Overview of Diabetes MellitusDiabetes mellitus is a complex, chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The condition encompasses two major types: Type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disorder where insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed, and Type 2 diabetes, often associated with insulin resistance
Overview Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age. It causes irregular periods, excessive hair growth, acne, and weight gain due to an imbalance of hormones like insulin and androgens. Women with PCOS often have small fluid-filled sacs (cysts) on their ovaries, although not everyone with the condition develops
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overview of solitary thyroid nodules The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck, just below the Adam’s apple. It is composed of two lobes connected by a thin isthmus and is responsible for producing thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate metabolism, energy levels,
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overview Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough hormones to regulate the body’s metabolism, leading to symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and dry skin. Common causes include autoimmune disorders such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, iodine deficiency, and thyroid surgery. It is diagnosed through blood tests measuring TSH and T4 levels.
INTRODUCTION Back pain is a common issue that can range from mild discomfort to severe, chronic pain. It often results from muscle strain, herniated discs, arthritis, or skeletal irregularities like scoliosis. Injuries, poor posture, and chronic conditions such as osteoporosis can also contribute. Symptoms include localized or radiating pain, stiffness, muscle spasms, and sometimes weakness
1. Joint-related Symptoms RA predominantly affects synovial joints (joints with a fluid-filled cavity), leading to: a. Joint Pain and Tenderness b. Swelling c. Morning Stiffness d. Symmetrical Joint Involvement e. Warmth and Redness f. Decreased Range of Motion g. Joint Deformities (Late-stage RA) 2. Systemic (Whole-body) Symptoms RA is not limited to the joints. It
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